Developmental activities for freeze-dried products are dictated by the limited availability and high cost of newly developed active compounds, and by Quality-by-Design requirements. Laboratory-scale freeze dryers used for formulation and process development show an excessive variety of designs and instrumentation concepts, making scale-up activities a challenge. The development of miniaturised equipment may provide enormous benefits in terms of development times and costs.

Researchers at the Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) are using Linkam’s thermal analysis instrumentation to advance studies of crystallisation properties and chemical reactions in polar ice, providing information on the changing polar ecosystem.